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1. #Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit drivers
2. #Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit driver
3. #Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit full
4. #Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit software
5. #Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit code

However, in the case of a basic MSR attack the address of the system call in LSTAR is replaced with the address of the non-trusted code.

#Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit drivers

Since drivers are trusted, this is not a problem.

#Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit software

A system call is a function or action that triggers something to happen in the operating system itself these types of operations are considered privileged and only trusted software is allowed to use them.

#Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit driver

Normal operation dictates that the driver places the address of the system call it wants to make in the LSTAR register, and then signals for it to be called. This register allows drivers to make system calls. Within the set of MSRs one register is of particular interest, IA32_LSTAR (IA-32e Mode System Call Target Address R/W), commonly referred to as the shortened LSTAR. These data points can be essential for the device to function properly.Ī closer look at how MSRs operate reveals the problem.

One common use of these registers is to collect environmental measurements related to the driver’s hardware, for example, temperature or voltage. Model-specific registers (MSRs) are a set of special-purpose data holding places on most computer processors that are available to drivers that are used for debugging, performance monitoring, and enabling/disabling CPU/GPU features. Function Calls from Model Specific Registers (MSRs) Like in other instances of software exploitation, many of these constructs which are manipulated are also required for normal use in the operation of a system, and when abused, these same constructs can result in behaviors not intended by the original authors. In most cases, some combination or variation of these techniques is used for driver exploitation. Since drivers are software, they are susceptible to all the vulnerabilities of software in general, but the below provides a high-level overview of the most common vulnerabilities specific to drivers. For a more complete explanation of Windows drivers see Microsoft’s, “ What is a driver? ” What makes a driver vulnerable?

#Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit code

For this reason, they are an attractive option for dishonest cyber actors whose goal is to implant undetectable, difficult-to-remove malicious code on a system.Īdmittedly, this is an oversimplification but provides a baseline for understanding the techniques that follow. Since device drivers act as a bridge between the operating system and physical hardware, it follows that they require intimate access to the guarded components of the operating system that not all applications are allowed to use.

#Vmware horizon hackers are active exploit full

These drivers facilitate communication between the physical device and the operating system and enable full use of the specialized hardware. In general, the manufacturer of the video card will write a driver or multiple drivers, at least one for each supported operating system. For example, in high-performance computing, it is common to have a separate card or piece of hardware for processing video (video card). It is normal for each device on the computer to have at least one driver. This differentiates them from purely software drivers which are low-level programs that act as filters or perform some other low-level function. Each physical component of a computer is commonly referred to as a device, which is why drivers are commonly referred to as device drivers. What is a driver?Īt an exceedingly high level, drivers are software that allows the operating system to interact with all the different physical parts of a computer.

It is intended as a high-level overview introduction to the topic of driver vulnerabilities in Windows. Some driver principles and concepts can be applied across operating systems, but for brevity the scope is limited.

This paper provides an overview of common driver vulnerabilities for currently supported versions of Windows running on x86-64 architecture. The misuse of well-intended segments of code necessary for functionality results in calamity. In the case of Shamoon, the driver itself could be considered a vulnerability, and in some ways, this is the case with almost all vulnerabilities. The Shamoon/RawDisk driver attack did not use a vulnerability in the driver, it used the driver for the purpose intended, but by a person or group with unscrupulous objectives. This access enabled the malicious actor to erase data at such a large scale, the company was forced to replace practically all hard drives on its network. The attack used RawDisk driver, which could manipulate hard drives from user space without any special permissions.

Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) techniques are not new they can be traced back at least as far as 2012 and the Shamoon wiper that targeted Saudi Aramco.